Joseph Smith as Scientist. V

JOSEPH SMITH
AS SCIENTIST. BY
DR.
JOHN
A.
WIDTSOE,
DIRECTOR
OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION,
LOGAN,
UTAH. V.— THE NEW ASTRONOMY. From the dawn of written history, when the first men, watch- ing through the nights, observed the regular motions of the moon and stars, humanity has been striving to obtain a correct under- standing of the relation of the earth to the heavenly bodies. First it was believed that the sun, moon and stars revolved in circles around the earth (which for a time was supposed to be flat instead of spherical). Then the great Greek philosopher, Hippar- chus, after observing the movements of the heavenly bodies, sug- gested that the earth was not exactly in the middle of the circles. Three hundred years later, Ptolemy discovered a number of facts concerning the movements of the sun, moon and planets, which were unknown to Hipparchus, and which led him to suggest that the sun and moon move in circles around the earth, but that the planets move around the earth in circles, whose centres again move around the earth. This somewhat complex theorv explained very well what was known of astronomy in the days of the ancients, and, in fact, the views of Ptolemy were quite generally accepted for 1300 years. About 1500, A. D., Copernicus, a Dutch astronomer, having still more facts in his possession than had Ptolemy, concluded that the simplest manner in which the apparent movements of the sun, moon, and planets could be explained, was to assume that the sun s the center of the planetary system, and that the earth, with the moon and planets, revolves according to definite laws around the

338 IMPROVEMENT ERA. sun. This theory, backed by numerous confirmatory observations, was generally accepted by astronomers, and really did explain very simply and clearly many of the facts of planetary motion. Fifty years after the death of Copernicus, the celebrated as- tronomer, Kepler, proposed extensions and improvements of the Copernicus doctrine, which made the theory that the planets re- volve about the sun more probable than ever before. He sug- gested first that the planets move around the sun in closed curves, resembling flattened circles, and known as ellipses. By assuming this to be true, and assisted by other discoveries, he was also able to state the times required by the planets for their revolutions around the sun, and the velocity of their motions at different times of the year. Later investigations have proved the great laws pro- posed by Copernicus and Kepler to be true; and from their days is dated the birth of modern astronomy. After the laws of the motions of the planets had been deter- mined, it was only natural that men should ask themselves what forces were concerned in these motions. The ancient philosophers had proposed the idea that the sun attracts all heavenly bodies, but the suggestion had not been accepted by the world at large. How- ever, after the discoveries of Kepler, the English philosopher, Newton, advanced the theory that there is in the universe an at- tractive force which influences all matter, to the limits of known space. He further proved that the intensity of this force varied directly with the product of the attractive masses, and inversely, with the square of the distances between them — that is, the greater the bodies, the greater the attraction; the greater the dis- tance between them, the smaller the attraction. This law of gravi- tation has been verified by repeated experiments, and, taken in con- nection with the astronomical theories of Copernicus and Kepler, has made celestial mechanics what they are today. By the aid of the law of gravitation, many astronomical pre- dictions have been fulfilled. Among the most famous is tre fol- lowing incident: In the early part of the last century, astronomers noticed that the motions of the planet Uranus did not agree with those derived from calculations based upon the law of gravitation. About 1846, two
investigators,
M. Leverrier of France,
and Mr. Adams of

JOSEPH SMITH AS SCIENTIST. 339 England, stated, as their opinions, that the discordance between theory and observation in the case of the motions of Uranus, was due to the attraction of a planet, not yet known, and they calcu- lated by means of the law of gravitation, the size and orbit of the unknown planet. In the fall of 1846, this planet was actually dis- covered and named Neptune. It was found to harmonize with the predictions made by the astronomers before its discovery. During the days of Newton, the question was raised if the celestial bodies outside of the solar system obey the law of gravi- tation. Among the stars, then, are some which are called double stars, and which consist of two stars so near to each other that the telescope alone can separate them to the eye. In 1803, after twenty years of observation, William Herschel discovered that some of these couples were revolving around each other with var- ious angular velocities. The son of William Herschel continued this work, and many years later, he discovered that the laws of motion of these double stars are the same as those that prevail in the solar system.* This result indicated not only the universality of the law of gravitation, but also the probability that all heavenly bodies are in motion. Then, early in the nineteenth century, a new method of re- search began to be developed, which was destined to form a new science of astronomy. It had long been known that white light when passed through a glass prism is broken into a colored spect- rum, with colors similar to those observed in the rainbow. Now it was discovered that when white light passes through vapors of certain composition, dark lines appear in the spectrum, and that the position of the lines varies with the chemical composition of the vapors. By the application of these principles, it was shown, towards the middle of the last century, that the chemical compo- sition of the heavenly bodies may be determined. Later, it was discovered that by noting the positions of the dark lines in the spectrum, it could be known when a star or any heavenly body is moving, as also the direction and amount of its motion. These un- expected discoveries led to a study of the heavens from the spect- * History of the Inductive
Sciences, Whewell, 3rd ed.
Vol.
I, pp 467-469.

340 IMPROVEMENT ERA. roscopic point of view, which has resulted in a marvelous advance in the science of astronomy. It has been determined that all heavenly bodies are in motion, and that their velocities are great compared with our ordinary conceptions of motion. Most of the stars move at the rate of about seven miles per second, though some have a velocity of forty- five miles, or more. Many stars, formerly thought to be single, have been resolved into two or more components. The rings of Saturn have been proved to consist of small bodies revolv- ing about the planet in obedience to Kepler's law.* Clusters of stars have been found that move through space as one body, as possible counterparts of the planetary system.f It has been dem- onstrated, further, that the sun itself, with its planets, is moving through space at a very rapid rate. Professor Simon Newcomb, perhaps the greatest astronomer of the day, says, "The sun, and the whole solar system with it, have been speeding their way to- ward the star of which I speak (Alpha Lyrse) on a journey of which we know neither the beginning nor the end. During every clock-beat through which humanity has existed, it has moved on this journey by an amount which we cannot specify more exactly than to oay that it is probably between five and nine miles per sec- ond. The conclusion seems unavoidable that a number of stars are moving with a speed such that the attraction of all the bodies of the universe could never stop them."$ In brief, the new astronomy holds that all heavenly bodies are in motion, and that the planetary system is but a small cluster of stars among the host of heaven; further, it has weighed the stars, measured the intensity of their light, and determined their chemical composition, and it affirms that there are suns in the heavens, far excelling our sun in size and lustre, though built of approximately the same elements. Sir Robert Ball expresses his views as follows: "The group to which our sun belongs is a limited one.
This must be so, even * See C. G. Abbott, Report of Smithsonian Institution, for 1901, pp. 153-155. f Light Science for Leisure Hours, Proctor, pp. 42-52. $ The Problems of Astronomy, S. Newcomb, Science, May 21, 1897.

JOSEPH SMITH AS SCIENTIST. 341 though the group included all the stars in the milky way. This un- numbered host is still only a cluster, occupying, comparatively speaking, an expressibly small extent in the ocean of infinite space. The imagination will carry us further still — it will show us that our star cluster may be but a unit in a cluster of an order still higher, so that a yet higher possibility of movement is suggested for our astonishment."* Another eminent astronomer expressed the same idea briefly but eloquently: "It is true that from the highest point of view the sun is only one of a multitude — a single star among millions — thousands of which, most likely, exceed him in brightness, magni- tude, and power. He is only a private in the host of heav- en."f And still another student of the stars propounds the following questions: "Does there exist a central sun of the universe? Do the worlds of Infinitude gravitate as a hierarchy round a divine focus? Some day the astronomers of the planets which gravitate in the light of Hercules (towards which constellation the solar system is moving) will see a little star appear in their sky. This will be our sun, carrying us along in its rays; perhaps at this very moment we are visible dust of a sidereal hurricane, in a milky way, the transformer of our destinies. We are mere playthings in the im- mensity of Infinitude."! It is not strange that men who have learned to look at the universe in this lofty manner should go a step farther, beyond the actually known, and suggest that some of these countless heavenly bodies must be inhabited by living, thinking beings. Sober, thoughtful truthseekers, who never advance needlessly a new theory, have suggested, in all seriousness, that other worlds than ours are peopled. For instance, "What sort of life, spiritual and in- tellectual, exists in distant worlds? We can not for a moment sup- pose that our little planet is the only one throughout the whole universe on which may be found the fruits of civilization, warm * The Story of the Sun, R. S. Ball, pp., 360,
361. t The Sun, C. A. Young, p. 11. X Popular Astronomy, C. Flammarion, p. 309.

342 IMPROVEMENT ERA. firesides, friendship, the desire to penetrate the mysteries of crea- tion."* Such, then, is in very general terms the view of modern as- tronomy with reference to the constitution of the universe. Most of the information upon which this view rests has been gathered during the last fifty years. Joseph Smith was doubtlessly impressed with the beauty of the starry heavens, and, in common with all men of poetical nature, allowed his thoughts to wander into the immensity of space. How- ever, as was shown in article I, he had no known opportunity of studying the principles of astronomy, or of becoming familiar with the astronomical questions that were agitating the thinkers of his day. Naturally, very little is said in his writings that bears upon the planetary and stellar constitution of the universe; yet enough to prove that he was in perfect harmony with the astronomical views developed since his day. First, he believed stellar bodies are distributed throughout space. "And worlds without number have I created."f "And there are many kingdoms; for there is no space in which there is no kingdom."! He is further in harmony with modern views in that he claims that stars may be destroyed, and new ones formed. "For, behold, there are many worlds that have passed away by the word of my power."§ "And as one earth shall pass away, and the heavens thereof, even so shall another come."|| At the time that Joseph Smith wrote, there was considerable discussion as to whether the laws of the solar system were effec- tive with the stars. The Prophet had no doubts on that score, for he wrote, "And unto every kingdom is given a law; and unto every law there are certain bounds also and conditions."** Likewise, his opinions concerning the motions of celestial ob- jects were very definite and clear. "He hath given a law unto all things by which they move in their times and seasons; and their courses are fixed; even the courses of the heavens and the earth, which comprehend the earth and all the planets.
The earth rolls * The Problems of Astronomy, S. Newcomb. f Book of Moses, 1 : 33. X Doctrine and Covenants, 88 : 37. § Book of Moses, 1 : 35. || Ibid, 1 : 38.
** Doctrine and Covenants, 88 : 38.

JOSEPH SMITH AS SCIENTIST. 343 upon her wings, and the sun giveth his light by day, and the moon giveth her light by night, and the stars also giveth their light, as they roll upon their wings in glory, in the midst of the power of God."* In another place the same thought is expressed. "The sun, moon or stars; all the times of their revolutions; all the appointed days, months, and years, and all the days of their days, months, and years, and all their glories, laws, and set times, shall be revealed. "f The two revelations from which these quotations are made, were given to the Prophet in 1832 and 1839 respectively, many year3 before the fact that all celestial bodies are in motion was understood and accepted by the world of science. The accepted conception that groups or clusters of stars form systems which revolve around some one point or powerful star, was also clearly understood by Joseph Smith, for he speaks « f stars of different orders with controlling stars for each order. "And I saw the stars that they were very great, and that one of them was nearest unto the throne of God ; and there were many great ones which were near unto it: and the Lord said unto me: These are the governing ones; and the name of the great one is Kolob be- cause it is near unto me — I have set this one to govern all those which belong to the same order as that upon which thou stand- est."t That the governing star, Kolob, is not the sun is evident, since the statement is made later in the chapter that the Lord showed Abraham "Shinehah, which is the sun." Kolob, therefore, must be a mighty star governing more than the solar system; and is possibly the central sun around which the sun with its attendant planets is revolving. The other great stars near Kolob are also governing stars, two of which are mentioned by name Oliblish and Enish-go-on-dosh, though nothing is said of the order of stars that they control. The reading of the third chapter of the Book of Abra- ham leaves complete conviction that Joseph Smith taught that the celestial bodies are in great groups, controlled (under gravitational * Doctrine and Covenants, 88 : 43, 45. f Doctrine and Covenants, 121 : 30, 31. % Book of Abraham, chapter 3.

344 IMPROVEMENT ERA influence) by large suns. In this doctrine, he anticipated the world of science by many years. It is perhaps less surprising to find that Joseph Smith be- lieved that there are other peopled worlds than ours. For instance, "The reckoning of God's time, angel's time, prophets' time, and man's time, is according to the planet on which they reside,"* which distinctly implies that other planets are inhabited. Another passage reads, ''The angels do not reside on a planet like this earth, but they reside in the presence of God, on a globe like a sea of glass and fire."f While the idea that the planets and stars may be inhabited is not at all new, yet it is interesting to note that Joseph Smith taught as an absolute truth that such is the case. Probably no other philosopher has gone quite that far. These brief quotations serve to show that the doctrines of the Prophet of the Laoter-day Saints are in full accord with the views that distinguish the new astronomy. It is also to be noted that in advancing the theories of universal motion among the stars, and of great stars or suns governing groups of stars, he anticipated by many years the corresponding theories of professional astrono- mers. In various sermons, the Prophet dealt more fully with the doctrines here set forth, and showed more strongly than is done in his doctrinal writings, that he understood perfectly the far-reach- ing nature of his astronomical teachings. Did Joseph Smith teach these truths by chance? Or, did he receive inspiration from a higher power? * Doctrine and Covenants, 130 : 4. f Loe. cit, v. 6 and 7. See also Doctrine and Covenants, 88 : 61.