Indian Dialect and History

Indian Dialect and History

BY DIMICK B. HUNTINGTON

[The following is reproduced from a little pamphlet .published by the well-known pioneer and scout, Dimick B. Huntington, and copyrighted, or "entered according to Act of Congress, in the year of our Lord 1872, in the clerk's office of the Third District Court of Utah Territory," by the author. Besides a vocabulary of the Ute and Shoshone dialect, it contains what purports to be the tradition of the Utah Indians in relation to the creation of the world, and a brief history of the famous Indian chief, Walker, with a brief history of the Utes. Mr. Stanley Clawson kindly loaned the Era a copy of the rare book from which we print the complete text, beginning with the preface. Editors.] PREFACE The author, D. B. Huntington, was born in Watertown, Jefferson county, New York, on the 26th of May, 1808; and came to the mountains in 1847 as a soldier in the Mormon battalion, his family accompanying him through New Mexico to Salt Lake valley, where he learned the Utah and Shoshone dialects in the emplovment of the United States Government during a period of twenty years as Indian interpreter. His long acquaintance with the Indians, their language, manners and customs, has given him a thorough knowledge of their traditions and legends and the ;

influence which he has acquired among them has enabled him to render the Government valuable service with them since the first settlement of Utah.

VOCABULARY OF THE UTAH AND SHOSHONE DIALECTS UTAH :Blood Pwap Arm Poorets Bad Kadz-at Axe . Quepannump Bed Sham-up Apple Peag-a-mar Buffalo Quitsen Antelope Wanzitz Buffalo skin Quitsen-pooah Another Ker-mush Black Toquer All Mah-no-nah Bear Queo-gand All gone Topic-quay Bridle Timbi-up Awl Wee-uds Break Ko-poke Arrow point Pan-now-nup Beads Tso A boundary line Tig-ah-kent Bread Pan (or Te-shut-cup") A straight line Tomequint Bite Keae A hole Puckage Brass Wah-ker A well Oroc-kent Boy Ipeds A great way off To-edg mae Beaver Pow-inch A long time ago To edg-e-tish Bow Ads A long time in future Born Nan-to-un-gee To-edg-pe-nun-ko Badger O-num-buds Boat Obishock Black-tail rabbit Cam-mo Bridge Oyem-po-shag Beaver trap Pow-inch-yeari-nump .

INDIAN DIALECT AND HISTORY 1111

Big black cricket My-soods Eat Tick-i Clock Tab-by-nump Ear Nan-kub-bah Chest or Trunk O-yem-fat-sup Elk Par-ri-ah Canter Ap-poo-yah Eye Poo-ye Corn Co-mee Equal To-a-now-er Cut-throat Co-rets seeb-in Egg No-pub Chicken . . . Cam-boonk Earth Tee-weep Come Pie-ka Enough Own-shump Crow or Raven At-taw-konts Eagle Quan-a-tich Crow Indians Up-sa-ro-ka Fire Coo-nah Comb Nan-zu-ri-nump Fish Pan-gwitch Chair Pah-ger-nump Friend Tig-a-boo Crane Tsuck-ore Fishhook Pah-ger-a-nump Cottonwood Sho-ap Fix or make E-ne-kend Choke-cherry To-nump Foot Namp Certain Tuege-shump Finger-ring Chief Ne-ab Pan-a-mah-ger-i-nump Child Tow-ats-en Forgotten Katz-shu-mi Cedar Wap Fight Nah-oo-quey Cry Yah-gi Fish hunting. Pan-gwitch-pushager Colt Co-war-o-wets Fox Tab-boon-zits Cut -. Scheb-in Fence . . O-ven gwup Coat Tah Foolish Katz-te-su-ah Cheese . . . : Ka-sooch Flour Tu-shu-kent Centre To-tery-wup-unt Ford Par-a-boo Chew Cuts-so-i Feathers Peeb Cane . : Nan-ze tope Face Ko-bub Cat Moo-chich File O-one-er i-nump Confined to the bed ... .Nah-me quy Gradual ascent Pan-nunk Candle Nighty-nump Good Att Coach Po-kent-o-yem-bon-go Go with me Tam-my-nah-wah Conceive O-net-shpee Give Mug-gi Catch Tsi Great Ah-bat Catch with lasso. .Witch ung nunk Gone away i Katz kar-ra Creek or River No-quint Gun Tum-by-oo Die E-iqueay Get out of the way In-e-to-ah Dead E-t Grass O-weep Done O-wish Get up . . . . . Quir-i ka Do you understand Ground squirrel See-pitch Poo-suds-a-way-ah Grasshopper A-ran guts Doctor Poy-gand Gambling Ni-a-witch Drink E-bee-bee Go Pi-equay Deaf Katz-nan-ki Glean, to pick Tso-i Dry (thirsty) Grease wood To-nub Town goo-nary-oo-ah Go home Pi-equay-band Deer Te-ah Go slow Shan-neech Dog Sar-rich Go fast Pun-ker-ro Dig O-ra Gold Wah-pana-kar-ra Drown Pah-e-i Girl Nan-zitch Dust O-coomp Grow Nan-a Dance Weep-pi Hard Tin-zeer Duck Tsig Heart Pe-in Dream No-ni-shee Hair Tots-sib-a-wub Devil Shin-nob Horse Teah or Ka vah-u Door U-ra-wop Hat Katz-oats Drum Que-tum-bi-nump Hand Moo-ninch Daylight Tash-a Hen Kam-boonk Encamp Meah-a-bitch Handkerchief Pan-shi-ack

1112 IMPROVKMENT ERA Hand it to me Yen-no or Yack Man Tow-ats Hind sight to a gun Mad Ni-ah Poon-ery-nump Mountain Ki-bah Hare Tshuch-kum Morning Po-e-chi-co Hog Ko-sho or Ko-chee na Mud Pow-e-ibe Hold up your hand Tone-do Move Meah-bike-way Head Tot se-in Marry Pe-oh-a Hobble Mo-e chuck Mountain top Wig-ki-bah House Kahn Mountain side Pi-ab-bah Heavy Put-te-ent Muskrat * . . .Pah-rant Iron Pan-a-kar-a Move camp Me-ah-bi-quay Ice Tesh-pah Morning dove I-oo I do not know Male kind Ko-mong Um-pio or Katz-poo-soods a-way No not so Katz Indian tobacco Pow-rah Not certain Ump-i-o In the future Pe-nun-ko Not any Katz-i-an-o In the past E-tish Needle Tidz-ah-nump I say Ick-in-nish Noon To-tab-by I said Mkie-e-neah No name Katz-ne-ate Interpreter Tin-ne-ah New Ah-ger-um Kneel down To-to-un Now Ahp Knfe Weitch Never Katz-pe-nun-eo Kettle Pam-boon-nah Night To-can Kill Puck-ki Open the door Tsap-kak Kick Tang-i Old man Nan-i-peds Load a gun To-wudg-ka Otter Pan-sook Look and stand .... Poon-nv-won-y Old Etum Light the fire Coon-ah-night-y Onion Kin-kah Liar Tu-wish-er-er One Soos Long Cu-ber-ant Over the river . . . Mah-bah quan-do Lie down •\h-be-nuy Pack (to carry) Noke Look Poon-e-kee Paper Po-kent Lead (a metal) Oo Pantaloons Pe-mo Looking-glass Nah-voo-nump Potatoes Tsing Long ago E-tish Plpte Tuwup or Tick-i-numo Lame Shan-gee Pistol To-i-pidg Lice Poo-chup Pipe Tsong Laugh Kee-en Pine Ompe Lodge pole Wan-din Powder Koots-ah-wah Large Ah-bat Painting An-ker-ker-oak Live No-re-ah Poor in flesh Kan-e-bitch Lend Yow-e-na Pain Pe-kon-gah Licentious Nah-soon-chee Pine-nuts Teeb Light (not heavy) Shi-pun-ny Polecat Po-ney Make Inlnelka Plover (a bird) Queets Mule Moo-rats Roan Ash-sheer Moon My-toge Red An-karr Mosquito Mo-ap Run Pun-ker-ro Mine Nin-ny Rabbits Shuc-cum Myself Tam-my Rattlesnake To-ab Make haste Te-we-ne Road Po V other Pe-ades R ed shirt An-ker-tah Money Pan-na-car-ra Ride Shpee Medicine My-shoot-te-quoop Round circle Que-o-kent Milk Pee-chup Rope Tshap Many or Much Hah-van Rabbit-brush Shpoomp Mountain sheep Nah-gadz Resurrection Meat To-quab . Man-no-nah quyr-a-ky

INDIAN DIALECT AND HISTORY 1113

Ramrod Sku-ri-nump Table Tick-i-nump Rifle Aukage Tail Quah-sitch Ripe Quash-a Toad Quan-nump Report To-ah-boy To catch fish Pang-gwitch-tsi Salutation Mike tig a boo To cook food Tshi Sick Puck-kon-gah Trot Ap-poo-na Small bells Tappa-a-rump Want Ash-en-ty Small Me-poodg-e Watermelon Shan-te-cut Sing Kah White-tail deer Soo-goosh Sleep Ep-weh Warm Coo-too-rich Salt O-ab-bit Wrong Katz dat Slow Shan-neach What is you nane. - . . . An-na-ne-ah Soft Katz tin-zeer Wash hands Ne-var-e-ga Shut the door To-ock Wood O-pti Sack or Bag Co-nob Walk Pah-wi Shoot Co-que Wolf Ye-oge Saddle Car-ri-nump Wash clothes Pah-shoa Strong Nar-ri-ent Water Pah Stirrup Tang-i-nump Willow Kan-nab Sage-hen She-jah White hair . . Tshar-tots-sib-i-wub Sioux Indian .... Pam bitch a-men White Tsharr Stand up One-e Wagon O-yem-bon-go Stinking Pe-quy-na-ry What Hum-pah Stink Quan-na Wild goose O-bi-nunk Spy-glass Poon-e-rey-nump Whiskey Koon-ah-pah Spirit Mo-ap White face T-shuker-boin Sage-brush Mahb Yellow or Brass Wah-ker Snow New-wappy Younger brother Suck-ige Service-berries To-em-py You Em Sinew Tam-mo Yonder Mah-bah Spaniard Co-quets Yes Oo-ah Sheep Can-na-rich Shield Tap-po Sun Tab-by NUMBERS: Stone Timp Spoon Mon-zoo One Soos Soap Ne-var-a-ga-nump Two Wy-une Sewing-thread . . Pan-shi-tam-mo Three . Pi-une Sheep-eaters Na-gads-tick-er Four Wats-u-enc Shot-gun Pant-tum-bi-oo Five Man-i-gin Shade or Shadow Wah-bab Six Nav-i-une Sunrise Tabby-moushy Seven Tat-su-ene Sundown Tabby-eiquay Fight : Ni-wat-su-ene Stars Poo-chitts Nine Sur-rom-su-ene Snring of water Shpee-kin Ten Tom-su-ene To fly Mah-be-nunk Eleven . . .Tom-su-ene soos spinko This, that or it Inch Twelve To baptize Tsow-oo-ni .... Tom-su-ene wy-une spinko' Think Shu-mi Thirteen Thunder O no-nint Tom-su-ene pi-une spinko The night To-can Fourteen Talk At-am-bar .Tom-su-ene wats-u-ene spinko .

Trout At-em-pah-gar Fifteen Tired Oo-wo-one .Tom-su-ene man-i-gin spinkc .

Tobacco Quao Sixteen To trade Nar-ro-wap . . .Tom-su-ene nav-i-une spinkr Tie up Tap peech-e Seventeen Throw away Tur-reb-by . .Tom-su-ene tat-su-ene spinko

1114 IMPR0VEMEN1 ERA Eighteen I )rink My-he-bc Tom-su-ene ni-wat-su-ene spinko Drown Pah te-i Nineteen Dream Now-she-ah Tom-su-ene sur-rom-su-ene spinko Eat My-dick Twenty Wamp-su-ene Ear Nank Twenty-one Equal Soo-wite Wamp-su-ene soos spinko Empty Kay-wut Thirty Pam-su-ene Earth Shog-oup Forty Wtas-u-ene tom-su-ene Enough *. So-bi-gush Fifty Man-i-gin tom-su-ene Fire Koo-nah Sixty Nav-i-une tom-su-ene Finger-ring Mah-van Seventy .Tat-su-ene tom-su-ene . . . Frightened Shir-re-er Eighty ..Ni-wat-su-ene tom-su-ene Fish hunt . . . . Pan-gwitch-mo-wick Ninety Sur-rom-su-ene tom-su-ene . Friend Hanch One hundred Soos meh Fat Yope File Tim-uts SHOSHONE: Foot Em-pah Forgot K-shwuck Axe Oo-han Fight Nah-be-tink Another thing Kick-er-much Father Ap Another person Under-sih Flour To-se-te cup All O-yate Flint Tim pah nah rackAntelope Qura-retz-ey Good Tshant Arrapahoe Sar-ry-tcik Give me water Pah-mote Awl Wey-oe Go away Me-a ro All come O-yate-kim Go home Can me-a ro Arrow point Oo-pah-zuts-ski Grass Sho-neep Blood Pweep Grasshopper At tankBad K-gent Good for nothing K tshant Buffalo Kood-sin Green Sha-go-ebit Black To-e bti Get up E ate-sey Bear (a beast) Oo-rets-ey Gum Sham-up Bridle Tun-bup Hard Ke-tant Berak Ko-pup Brown Toop-she-bit Heart Pe Black hair To-pam-py Horse Bon-go Belly Shap Hair Pom-py Been done Pwesh Hat Tits-o-mo Brother Pad-zits Hard heart Pe-ke-tant Bannack Pan-nack Hare To-se-cumb Black feet Pah-kee It's enough So-bi-gush Beaver Han-ny I do not know . . K-my-shun-bun-ny Blue Em-boo-e-bit Iron Poo-e-wee Corn An-neap Knife We-its Coffee . Cop-py Kettle Wit-to-ah Crow Indians Up-sa-ro-ka Kill My-beck Come Kim Laugh Ye-an-net Cloud Pah-ger-nump Long ago So-bash Certain Tee-bits Lance She-jah Chief Ty-gwun-nup Large Peah-up Cord Tim-mook Looking-glass No-boo-way Cedar Wap Look Mah-boon Cnild To watsi Long Kiv-er-ant Deer Shock e r-ah Lie Ish-ump Don't kill K-my beck Make Ma-hon Dig Ah-we Moon Man-e-goots Dead Te-i Mosquito Mom-poo Dog Sar-ry My friend Neah hanch

INDIAN DIALECT AND HISTORY 1115

Money Lay-pe-ase Sundown Tab-by-ti i

Milk Pit-see Throw away Mu-e-ty Many Shont That' Ick Mountain sheep To coot sey Thunder Too-yah-kay Meat Un-toke To-night To-can-inch Man Tur-nup To talk Ty-gwun Mountain To yab-by Tired Pah-buck Morning Po-eech-i-co Tobacco Pau-mo-e No, not so Kay To trade Nah a me Nose No-be To know Mah-shum-bun-ny Noon Tab-by-pant To kill -wash or Mah gar-vie Old Tsoo-goo-pet-sy Tail Ma Qua-shay Otter Pan-sook Wagon Wah-bin-bon-go Open the door Mah-sah-tak White To-see bit Percussion cap Nar-rack White hair To-see pom-py Pig Co-sho Wife Un-gwab-it-se Poor Nash-en tee-tant White blanket .To-see-bit wan up .

Powder Nau-gar tush Water Pah Pipe Un-to Wolf E-chup Paper Tu-wup Wood Ho-pit Pantaloons Coos Warm Ear-rint Roan Ash-en-bit What Hin Red An-ke-bit Wild goose Noo ken detch Red hair An-ke-pom-py Yellow Owee-bit Red blanket An-ke-wan-up You Him Run fast Kit-tant-nook Yes Oos Run Nook Road Po NUMBERS: Sick Ne che quy Small One Te-titch Sim-i-titch Sing E-moo Two Wat Sleep Ep-wee Three Pite Slow O-be-tah Four Wat-su-et Soft Ke ke tant Five Man-a-get Salt Oun e bit Six Nav-ite Shut the door Mut sut'-tum Seven Tat-su-it Sack or Bag Mow gut say Eight Ny-wat-su-it Shoot Mah-gwoot Nine Shim-mer-o-men Saddle Nar-ri-no Ten Shim-mer Strong Nar-ri-ent Eleven Stirrup Nar re-tuck Shim-mer sim-er-titch ma-do-ick Sweet water Pe nah pah Twelve .Shim-merw.atma-do-ick . . .

Sugar Pe nah And so till twenty. Sister Pad-zits Twenty Wam-i-no Shot-gun Pe-yet Thirty Pam-i-no Snow Tuck-e-bit Forty Wat-su-wee-ny Service-berries Te-em-py Fifty Man-i-gen-ny Smoking leaf Mi-tim-e-ah Sixty Nav-i-te-wee-ny Shield Tap-po Seventy Tat-su-et-wee-ny Sun Tab-by Eighty Ni-wat-su-it-wee-ny Snake river Jamph-pah-pa Ninety Shim-mer-o-men-ny Sunrise Tab-by to-wick One hundred . . Shim-mer-shim-mer

The Utes and Shoshones recognize the same seasons, and they are distinguished hy the following names Winter Tome Summer Tads Spring Tah-mun Fall Ye-ah-bun

1116 IMPROVEMENT ERA THE TRADITIONS OF THE UTAH INDIANS IN RELATION TO THE CREATION OF THE WORLD When the gods made the world it was dark all over the face of the earth; and they said let us have light; and the chief said, I will make it ; I have no arrow long enough to penetrate through

the darkness. So he groped about and found some willows (Cannab), and broke the longest one he could find, put jt upon his bow and shot upwards. In a short time a small star appeared. They watched it and it soon began to grow light came in, the ;

orifice expanded, the darkness disappeared, and they could see to divide the water from the land and they made dry ground, and ;

the rivers, lakes, springs, and the small streams, and they all sang together. THE FLOOD The people of the earth a long time ago became exceedingly wicked, and the Lord saw it and sent down one of His sons to find out concerning it. He returned and said it was true the;

people were bad. So the Lord sent out a proclamation for all of the inhabitants of the whole earth to come together, for He wanted to talk to them. They met in a large valley and the Lord came down and stood, one foot on one mountain and the other foot upon another mountain but the people would not listen to Him. ;

He then called all of His friends to come unto Him. They came two of every kind of beasts, and a few men, women and children, and they made a covenant to hearken unto Him. The others kept talking and would not hear Him. Then the Lord was angry He stooped down and pulled up a large tree and ;

whipped every living thing to death except His friends, and then He told them to go and throw or scatter their young upon all the face of the land and be His friends.

ELIJAH FED BY RAVENS A great many moons ago a woman strayed off and got lost from her lodge. She was a very good woman, and was a friend to the Lord. She became very hungry, and cried to the Lord for food, and He sent ravens to carry her meat for many days. After awhile she found her lodge, and there was great rejoicing among her people when she told them what the ravens had done.

THE CRUCIFIXION OF CHRIST A great many years ago the Lord (Towats) lived in the Piede country. His house is standing at this time. He had a son who died, and when he died the earth was broken up there were earth- ;

quakes and terrible thunderings and lightnings. It was very dark for three days and nights. It was so dark the people could feel the darkness with their fingers and all of this time they were ;

howling and crying, for they could not make fire burn. They had

INDIAN DIALECT AND HISTORY 1117

to eat all of their meat raw. The third day His son came to life and the darkness disappeared, and there was great rejoicing. The Lord had a brother, but they were not on friendly terms with each other. And he, the brother, had a son who died, and his father went to the Lord (his brother) to ask Him why it was not dark. The Lord told him it was because he opposed Him in all things. The Lord's brother's name was Shinnob. The Lord told him to go home, cut off his hair, burn up his lodge, kill his horses, howl, and lacerate his flesh, for the third day his son would stink and ;

so it was. Hence comes their tradition, which is That when they die their spirits go to a large canon in the Sierra Nevada mountains, where there is plenty of game, and they hate to have their relatives die and go poor to the hunting grounds. This is the reason why they kill the dead man's horses to go with him for him to ride. It is customary with them to kill a prisoner or some poor person to go with them to wait on them.

WAH-KER'S HISTORY Wah-ker was born about the year 1815, on the Spanish Fork river, Utah county, Utah Territory, and was one of the shrewdest of men. He was a natural man read from nature's books. He ;

was very fond of liquor; but when in liquor you could not get him to make a trade. Wah-ker means "yellow," or "brass." When about twentyfive years of age he had a curious vision. He died and his spirit went to heaven. He saw the Lord sitting upon a throne dressed in white. The Lord told him he could not stay he had to return. ;

He desired to stay, but the Lord told him that he must return to earth that there would come to him a race of white people that ;

would be his friends, and he must treat them kindly. .The Lord gave him a new name. It was Pan-a-karry Quin-ker (Irontwister). In 1846, or '47 he went to California with a lot of Piede prisoners. He frightened the Piedes into giving him their children, which he took to Lower California to trade for horses to enrich himself, taking many of his tribe with him. The Spaniards gave him numbers of beef cattle and charged him for them, whereupon he started for home. When out two days he called a halt, held a council, and sent the old men, women and children on towards home. The third day ten men returned to visit the Spaniards. Each man visited different ranches, and took a large number of horses. The Spaniards raised a large force and pursued them, and recovered many, but lost six or seven hundred head of wild horses, for which the Mexicans offered a large reward. The Indians pushed the horses so hard that they lost several on the desert. He remained king of the mountains until about 1852, when he inaugurated what is called the Wah-ker war, through which

1118 IMPROVEMENT ERA many whites lost their lives; and which cost I tali Territory over a million of dollars. Soon after he was taken sick near Fillmore, in Millard county, and was ill but a short time when he was stricken with death, being blind for three days. He would have the men raise him up, when he would talk to them, telling them not to fight the whites as he had done. When he died there was a terrible howling. The men jumped upon their horses, and killed seven head of horses, one Piede woman (a prisoner), and one boy, and carried Wah-ker up into the mountains, put his body into a cliff of the rocks, walled it up and put a Piede boy in with him alive. Three days after, as some Indians were riding by, the boy called out to them and asked to be let out. He said Wah-ker began to stink and he was hungry. They laughed at him and rode on. Wah-ker had three brothers: Ara-pene, Sam-pitch, and Tabby. Tabby is at present the head chief of the Utahs proper and is on the Uintah reservation. Ara-pene was a great orator, but a hard-hearted man. At one time in Manti he got mad at his wife and burned her in a fearful manner with a frying-pan handle that was broken off the pan. She crawled to the settlement and the white women nursed her until she recovered. At another time he came down out of the mountains with some deerskins and a Piede prisoner, a small boy. to trade. The price was too high for the child, whereupon he took the child in a rage by his heels and dashed his brains out by thrashing the ground with his head. In 1849, when fifty of us were exploring the "Dixie" country, in the month of December, we met Arapene on his way from the mountains on the Sevier river, coming down to winter. An old squaw had a long roll of cedar bark, one end of which was on fire so as to light a fire quickly. We all camped together. Arapene had but one daughter, about nine years old, and she was very sick with the measles. She died that night and the Indians held ;

a council whether to kill one of us or a Piede prisoner, a boy about six years old, to send with the daughter. In the morning two young men came out of Arapene's lodge, loading their rifles and driving the Piede before them. I shall never forget how pitiful he looked, for he knew what his fate was. He asked to take off his moccasins and was refused. It was very cold. They drove him about four rods from the camp, when both fired and the poor little fellow rolled down from off the little knoll on which he stood.

He was buried along with the girl. THE UTES Have no marriage ceremony. They buy and sell their women and daughters. They have many wives and the women do the hard work, dressing all their skins. When the hunter returns from a

INDIAN DIALECT AND HISTORY 1119

hunt, ifhe brings in any game the woman unloads it and unsaddles the horse. The hunter does nothing more until the meat is gone, when the woman brings up the horse, saddles him, and he goes on the hunt. The men are intensely fond of gambling, horseracing and shooting at the target. The women love to gamble with sticks for beads and paints, etc. and are also fond of playing ;

ball in the summer time. They are very affectionate to their children. The Utes have no religious ceremonies, but are great for doctoring. A "medicine-man" is looked upon as one that can handle the thunder balls and stand in the fire with his bare feet. Their medicine is principally singing and sucking. I never saw an Indian with a bald head, and they have but very few decayed teeth. They pluck out their beards and eyebrows. They are very much afraid of witches and crazy people, and believe in making medicine on paper to kill people.

THE SHOSHONES And the Camanches were once all of one nation. A long time ago one of their head chiefs came into the north country to visit the Up-sa-ro-kies and Bannaks. He liked the country and returned home and told his people what he had seen. Quite a number wanted to go with him to the north country. Accordingly all that desired to go gathered together, and upon starting those that opposed them told them, "snake off! snake off!" Shoshone means snake in English and that is how they came by their name. ;

They used to have a marriage ceremony, but since civilization came among them they have put it aside. Wash-a-kee is the name of their head chief. He is a noblelooking man is and always has been a friend to the whites. The ;

way he obtained his name was thus The first buffalo he ever :

killed he skinned the pate, took the hair off, puckered it up, and tied it around a stick with a hole in it, so that he could blow it up like a bladder. He put some stones in it, and when it became perfectly dry it would rattle, and when the Sioux came to war with them, he would ride in among them and scare their horses so they called him Wash-a-kee, "the Rattler." There is no resemblance between the dialects of the Utes and Snakes, except in the words "sun," "water." "fire," and "rain."

KEY WORDS For the benefit of miners and others we give them the key words of the Utah and Shoshone dialects UTAH :

An-na-nek? What do you call this, that, or it? shoshone: Hog-gunny nan-niack ick? What do you call that or it?