The American Buffalo

The American Buffalo A Sketch of the Animal in its Picturesque Relation to the West BY LEVI EDGAE YOUNG, M. A. "I go to kill the buffalo. The Great Spirit sent the buffalo, On hills, in plains and woods. So give me my bow; give me my bow; I go to kill the buffalo." — Ute Song of the Buffalo. Before the white man settled the present confines of the United States, two kinds of thoroughfares led to the most remote and isolated parts of our country. These were the Indian and buffalo trails. The buffalo were the earliest pathfinders. They made great roads across the continent, and on the summits of the watersheds of North America ; not only across the Appalachian mountains into the interior of the country, but from the Missouri river westward, into the Rocky Mountains. Long before the old ( Oregon and Santa Fe trails were made famous by the trappers, freighters, and pony express, they were the highways of the buffalo. From the Missouri up the Platte river to the site of Fort Bridger, then on to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, the buffalo made his way to the salt licks of the Great Basin. He roamed all over the Mississippi Valley from the height of land separating the waters of the Arctic and the 1 ludson Bay country to the Gulf of Mexico. lie knew full well the fertile valleys of the Rocky Mountain-, and the canyonand valleys of the present Utah, Idaho, and Columbia River country. Peter Skeene < >gden, who established a trading post "ii the Weber River where I tgden City now stands, in 1824. -peakof the many herdhe -aw in the Valley <>i the Great Salt Lake; and the Ashley party which established a trading post on the west shore of Utah Lake, in 1826, report having killed many antelope and buffalo during their first winter of rendezvous on the lake. We know that he was a persistent occupant of the valleys of the Wasatch, and it was a buffalo trail that was first made from the prairie region east <>f the Rockies through the canyons to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake.

THE AMERICAN BUFFALO 855 The buffalo needed extensive feeding grounds, and the area traveled by a herd was thousands of miles in a single season. They also had their wallows, stamping grounds, and licks. The Platte River was a famous place for wallows, as was also the Jordan River in Salt Lake Valley. In the heat of summer, the buffalo found good wallows where they could immerse themselves in a slimy mud, which dried upon their bodies and protected them from flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The salt licks were the "foci of all their roads." Since salt was as necessary to the buffalo as grain is to the horse, salt springs and lakes were hunted out. The shores of the Great Salt Lake were favorite haunts for this animal. On the old Oregon Trail which followed the Platte and North Platte to the Green River valley, thousands of bison were killed AVARD FAIRBANKS BUFFALO* by the emigrants in the very early days of the westward migration. In fact the bones of millions of these animals were found upon the banks of those streams and over the entire prairie region. The killing of the buffalo is one of the tragedies of our American history. They were needlessly sacrificed at times, not only by the old trappers and colonizers, but by the western Indian tribes *Mr. Fairbanks is a promising young Utah artist in his sixteenth year whose work has received flattering notices in New York papers. He dedicated this buffalo to the public schools of the United States. Many casts of his work have been made, some in bronze by Tiffany & Co., New York. — The Editors.

856 IMPR( (VEMENT ERA as well. It is a |>itv that something was not done in the early fifties to proted the animal from nttcr annihilation. Thai the buffalo were extremely numerous there can be no doubt. Colonel Dodge describes a herd fifty miles wide, and says thai it took five days to pass a given point. In 1868, a train • mi the Kansas Pacific Railroad traveled for one hundred and twenty miles through a continuous herd of buffalo, "packed so densely thai the earth was black, and the train was compelled to stop several times." Colonel Tnman in his Old Santa Fe Trail concludes that from 1868 to 1881, over thirty-one millions of buffalo were killed on the great plains. In Kansas alone there was paid out between these two dates two million five hundred thousand dollars for buffalo bones found on the prairies. These bones were used by the various carbon factories in the manufacture of fertilizers. With the building of the Union Pacific railroad, thousands of travelers, to the Rocky Mountains spent their time in a wanton slaughter of the animals of the plains. Those who killed for the skins alone, made it a lucrative business, and a great demand for buffalo robes sprang up all over America. "Buffalo Bill" while employed as a hunter for the Kansas Pacific Railroad. in 1867-63, killed nearly five thousand buffalo in less than eighteen months. The buffalo were a great boon to the pioneers of the West. Constituting the main source of food supply not only for the Indians of the plains, but the frontiersman as well, they have a setting in western history that is unique. Their hides and flesh were useful especially in winter. In fact, an old Sioux chief declares that "The whites never could have taken the lands from the Indians, had the buffalo been preserved." It was not until the buffalo had almost been exterminated that the great Indian wars were brought to a close in the early seventies. Buffalo with other wild animals of the American wilderness were looked upon by the Indians as gifts of the Great Spirit for the welfare of the Red Men. Red jacket, a famous chief of the Six Nations, delivered an address, in the summer of 1805, before a council of his people. Christian missionaries were present and sooke about the desire of the white man to educate the Indian in the "ways of righteousness." "Red Jacket, or better Sogoyewapha. which was his Indian name, said among other things: "Brothers, listen to what we say. There was a time when our forefather* owned this great land. Their scats extended from the rising to the setting sun. The Great Spirit had made it for the use of the Indians, lie had created the buffalo, the deer, and other animals for food. He had made the bear and the heaver. Their skins served us for clothing. He had scattered them over the country and taught us how to take them. He had caused the earth to produce corn for bread. All this he had done for his red children because he loved

THE AMERICAN BUFFALO 857 them. If we had some disputes about our hunting grounds, they were generally settled without the shedding of much blood." Pathetic words ! The buffalo with the beaver and antelope were gifts of the Great Spirit to his children. They formed a part of the life of the Indian ; they were the denizens of plain and mountain, wilderness and forest, without whom the Indian could not have lived the many ages on this continent. Among the Sioux the buffalo was considered the "King of beasts," and his image played an important part in the ghost and sun dances. The Siouxan tradition as to the origin of the buffalo is full of suggestion. I give it in the words of Bushotter, the American ethnologist : ORIGIN OF THE BUFFALO The buffalo originated under the earth. It is said that in the olden times, a man who was journeying came to a hill where there were many holes in the ground. He explored them, and when he had gone within one of them, he found plenty of buffalo chips, and buffalo tracks were on all sides; and here and there he found buffalo hair which had come out when the animals rubbed against the walls. These animals were the real buffalo, who dwelt underground, and some of them came up to this earth and increased here to many herds. These buffalo had many earth lodges, and there they raised their children. They did many strange things. Therefore when a man can hardly be wounded by a foe, the people believe that the former has seen the buffalo in dreams or visions, and on that account has received mysterious help from those animals. All such men who dream of the buffalo, act like them and dance the buffalo (bull) dance. And the man who acts the buffalo is said to have a real buffalo inside him, and a crysalis lies within the flat part of the body near the shoulder-blade; on account of which the man is hard to kill; no matter how often they wound him, he does not die. As the people know that the buffalo live in earth lodges, they never dance the buffalo dance in vain. Here is the story of the mythic buffalo : It is said that a mythic buffalo once attacked a party of Indians, killing one of them. The others fled and climbed a tree, at which the buffalo rushed many times, knocking off piece after piece of the tree with his horns till very little of it was left. Then one of the Indians lighted some tinder and threw it far off into the tall grass, scorching the buffalo's eyes, and seriously injuring his horns, causing the hard part of the latter to slip off, so that the animal could no longer gore any one. But as he was still dangerous, one of the men determined to fight him at the risk of his own life, and so he slipped down from the tree, armed with a bow and some arrows. He finally gave the buffalo a mortal wound. Then all the men came down the tree and cut up the buffalo after flaying him. They were about to carry off the body of their dead comrade in a robe, when they were obliged to climb a tree again because another mythic buffalo had appeared. He

858 IMPROVEMENT ER \ did nol attack them, l>ut went four times around the body of the slain man. Then he Stopped and said. "Arise to your feet." All at once, tlic dead man came t<> life. The buffalo addressed him, saying, "Hcrcafter you shall be mysterious, and the sun, moon, four winds, day and night shall he your servants." It was so. He could assume the shape of a fine plume, which was blown often against a tree, to which it Stuck, as it waved repeatedly. The members of Cabeza de Vaca's company first saw the buffalo of the American plains in 1538. De Vaca with his fellow Spaniards roamed through what is now the coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Mexico. This was some three years beFore the famous march of Coronado from the City of Mexico to the great plains of what is now Kansas and Nebraska. It was Coronado, however, who gives us our first description of these denizens of the plains. He found the Indians of Cibola or the Seven Cities using buffalo meat, and from them he obtained a supply for his journey further eastward. Coronado's description of the buffalo is full of interest, and it shows how closely he with other old Spanish explorers studied the fauna and flora of the present confines of the southwestern United States. In speaking of the Buffalo bulls, he says: "They have very long beards, like goats, and when they are running, they throw their heads back, with their beard dragging on the ground. There is a sort of girdle around the middle of the body. The hair is very woolly, like slurp's, very fine, and in front of the girdle, the hair is very long and rough like a lion's. They have a great hump, larger than a camel's. The horns are short and thick, so that they are riot seen much above the hair. In May they change the hair in the middle of the body, for a down, which makes perfect lions of them. They rub against the small trees in the little ravines to shed their hair, and they continue this until only the down is left, as a snake changes his skin. They have a short tail with a bunch of hair at the end. When they run, they carry it erect like a scorpion." The Spanish explorers not only described the buffalo, but made drawings of them. These pictures are preserved in many of the old manuscripts, and one is produced especially for this article. During the westward migration of the American people in the nineteenth century, the buffalo were driven from their old haunts and in the palmy days of the hide-hunting industry, large I undies of the skinwere shipped to St. Louis. Fort Leavenworth. and in the fifties to the tannery at Creelev. Colorado. In those days, one could have bought a robe for $2.50, which would now easily be worth some $200. Petition after petition was sent to Congress during the sixties and seventies asking for some act which would prevent the terrible slaughter of these animals, but nothing was ever done in the way of Congressional enactment.

THE AMERICAN BUFFALO 859 It is to the credit of Brig-ham Youngand the "Mormon" pioneers that the buffalo were killed only for food. There was no wanton destruction of these animals on the plains by the "Mormons," as there had been by other companies of emigrants along the Platte river. We have accounts of the "brethren" going on their hunts for food, and buffalo were killed, but only to supply the camps with meat. Wilford Woodruff, formerly President of the "Mormon" Church, has given a most interesting account of a hunt in his journal. He says: "When the Utah pioneers had reached Grand Island, on the Platte river, they were greatly in need of fresh meat. One morning in May, a herd of buffalo was seen on a little hill not far from the pioneer camp. "This was an interesting day to the hunters of the camp. The pioneers made an early start, and after traveling six miles, camped for breakfast on the prairie in sight of a herd of buffalo feeding on a bluff to the right of us. There were about two hundred. Three only of the hunters started out. They rode as near to them as possible and crawled along the grass, but the buffalo became frightened and ran away. We had not traveled more than two miles farther before we discovered another large herd five miles before us. The hunters assembled and held a council. We determined to get some of the buffalo meat if possible. We traveled until we were within a mile of the herd, when a halt was made and fifteen hunters started together. We all went along until we reached a bluff within a few rods of the herd. We all made a charge upon them from the bluffs into the plain, but when we reached the plain, we soon overtook them, and each man singled out his game. We made choice generally of cows, and then rushed up to the side of them, and fired upon them with our pistols, which we found much better to carry than our rifles, which were very cumbersome in running. I killed a cow and calf. I then saw O. P. Rockwell with three bulls at bay on the prairie. We ran to his assistance, and surrounded them and commenced firing. They bolted ahead. I put spurs to my horse, and ran in front and was within about a rod of them, when they pitched at me and gave me a chase for a fight. It hurried me to get out of their way. We killed three cows, three bulls, and five calves, making eleven in all. In the morning, Solomon Hancock had gone out to hunt buffalo on foot. As he did not return in the evening, we felt greatly concerned about him; but in the morning he returned, having killed a three-year-old cow which he watched during the night to keep the wolves from eating her. He shot one wolf and the rest ran away. "This was our first day's buffalo hunt, and we considered the results quite good inasmuch as we were all strangers to a buffalo hunt, very few of us having ever seen one before. We dressed our meat and the wagons came from the camp to take it." We are removed only a few years from the pioneer days, and yet the Indians and the buffalo have gone from their old haunts. As the Red Men have been pushed from their hunting grounds, the buffalo have been exterminated. To see the buffalo killed was to the Indians "like a dream of sorrow, a supernatural cloud of darkness to punish their derelictions. Their old men tell of the

860 IMPROVEMENT ERA /ears when the buffalo were scarce and had gone a long way off, but never since the world began, were there no buffalo." The Indians say the buffalo will come again from the land where dwells the Great Spirit in his wigwam, where grow only flowers, tries, and all good things of the land, and where dwell the Indians of the good old times, in peace and fellowship with the Father of all. UNIVERSITY OF UTAH OT.D SrAXTSTT DRAWING OF A BUFFALO Accounting for Every Idle Word There is a remark made by the Savior recorded in Scripture as follows: "Every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment." (Matt. 12:36.) We may wonder how each one of earth's untold millions can possibly give account of his every idle word in the day of judgment, but there is no reason to believe that it is not possible. If man's character is made up of his every thought, word and (\vc(, whether idle or otherwise, on the day of judgment he will stand for what his character denotes: "every idle word," as well as every idle thought and deed will be accounted for in tl e effect they have wrought upon life's record. In other words, he will amount to just what his good thoughts, words and deeds represent, minus that which his idle or evil thoughts, words and deeds have taken from that sum total — Edwin F. Parry.