--- title: Improvement Era description: Monthly periodical of the Mormon church, 1897 onward. This library holds the issues of November 1897 to December 1930. authors: - Grant, Carter E. collections: - periodicals tags: - magazine - improvement-era periodical: Improvement Era volume: 32 number: 11 published: 1929-09 publisher: Young Men’s Mutual Improvement Associations publisher_place: Salt Lake City language: en type: magazine reference: "Carter E. Grant, “When Jed Met The Comanches,” *Improvement Era* 32, no. 11 (September 1929): 926–933." source: url: https://archive.org/details/improvementera32011unse transcription: Transcribed from the Internet Archive scan of each issue (the item for each issue is named in the issue's own source); unnumbered advertising leaves are omitted, printed page numbers are kept as page markers. identifier: improvementera32011unse start_page: 926 end_page: 933 rights: status: public-domain basis: US publication 1930 or earlier (published 1929-09) source: https://archive.org/details/improvementera32011unse publication_year: 1929 note: The Internet Archive item metadata carries a blanket "© Copyright by Intellectual Reserve, Inc." notice. The library owner judged it inapplicable because this issue was published in 1929, before 1931; a scan-level notice does not restore copyright. --- # When Jed Met The Comanches When Jed Met The Comanches By Carter E. Grant, Principal of the Jordan Seminary [Author's note: On page 844 of the August issue the statement is made that "General William Ashley had induced Provot to run for governor of Missouri. * * * This should read: General William Ashley, who the fall before was induced to run for governor of Missouri but had been defeated.] Because Jedediah S. Smith's thrilling frontier experiences weave themselves so persistently into the trails followed by the "Mormons," we are again giv- ing an account of his explorations. He is credited with accomplishing more than any other American in bringing the great unknown regions of the West to the attention of the world. With his Bible and rifle) he moved ahead of the pioneer, and from his letters we learn that he pursued the trackless regions of the "Great West," feeling it a sort of divine duty toward future humanity. From a letter to his broth- er, Ralph, Christmas, 1829, written from a "frozen-up" lodge on the Wind River Mountains, Jed tells why he continues to face these perils: "It is that I may be able to help those who stand in need, that I face every danger. It is for this that I pass over the sandy plains, in heat of summer, thirsting for water where I can cool my overheated body. It is for this that I go for days without eating, and am pretty well satisfied if I can gather a few roots, a few snails, or better satisfied if we can afford our- selves a piece of horse-flesh, or a fine roasted dog: and most of all it is for this that I deprive myself of the privi- lege of society and the satisfaction of the converse of my friends!" But he adds that two friends ever are with him, the Lord and his Bible. We now turn to Jed where we left him on the Big Horn river. On August 7, 1825, Ashley and Smith with twenty-five men, having built bull-boats, loaded in all their beaver packs and supplies, some $200,000 worth, and began their voyage north- ward to meet the Yellowstone and Missouri. Twelve days later, where the Yellowstone joins the treacherous current of the Missouri, sweeping off toward the States, a real mishap greeted them. "In effecting a landing at the junction of the two rivers," so Beckwourth informs us, "we unfor- tunately sank one of our boats, on board of which were thirty packs of beaver skins, and away they went floating down the current as swiftly as though they had been live beavers. (As each pack contained one hundred skins, worth five or six dollars a pound, some fifteen or twenty thou- sand dollars' value was rapidly slipping away.) All was noise and confusion in a moment, the General, in a per- fect ferment, shouted to save the packs. All the swimmers plunged in after them and every pack was saved." The scribe continues, "The current of the Missouri is swift, but to our impa- tient minds a locomotive would have been too tardy in removing us from the scenes of hardships and privations to the scenes of our friends, our sweet- hearts, our wives and our little ones. — When we came in sight of the city (St. Louis) we were saluted by a piece of artillery, which continued its discharges until we landed at the mar- ket place. There were no less than a thousand persons present, who hailed our landing with shouts which deaf- ened our ears. Those who had par- ents, brothers and sisters, wives, or sweethearts, met them at the landing: and such a rushing, crowding, pulling, hauling, weeping, (weeping for those lying scalped in the distant valleys) and laughing I have never before wit- Sept.. 1929 WHEN JED MET THE COMANCHES 929 ncssed. Everyone had learned of our approach by the courier sent ahead." Beckwourth says, "Our cargo was soon landed and stored, the men told they would be paid off that afternoon at the store of Messrs. Warndorf and Tracy. We reported thither in a body to receive our pay. The full amount was counted out in silver to each man. Accordingly we all repaired to Barras' Hotel and had a glorious time." As General Ashley's share of the furs netted him a rather comfortable fortune for those days, he decided to dispose of his Rocky Mountain inter- ests to Jedediah S. Smith and his companions. It was agreed that Ash- ley, knowing | the market, should handle the furs sent by the new organ- ization. In order to effect the con- templated change, Sublette, Bridger, Jackson, and other mountain trappers must be brought together in the spring to meet Smith and Ashley at the Weber rendezvous. Accordingly James P. Beckwourth and two com- panions were hired to make the long, hazardous journey — a bold and almost fool-hardy enterprise. But, as we have seen so often, these men really did their best only while gambling with their own lives. Arriving west of the Green river, the messengers learned that Cache Valley had been selected for the fall rendezvous. Neihardt says that when the last trappers arrived late in October under Sublette, the united bands moved slowly southwestward to the Weber where Ashley should meet them in the spring. This string of two or three hundred men. many having Indian wives and children, with horses and outfits, must have made a real frontier picture as they came out of Cache Valley, mov- ing toward the present site of Ogden. To this town of lodges there later came more than two thousand Snake In- dians, self-invited, to spend the win- ter of 1825-26, twenty-two years be- fore Brigham Young and his first scouts arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. We are told that many of the white men during the encampment married Indians girls. Beckwourth "fell heir" as he put it, to one of these maidens. "She was of a light complexion, smart, trim, and active, and never tired in her efforts to please me, seeming to think that she belonged to me for the rest of her life. I had never had a servant before, and found her of great service to me in keeping my clothes in repair, making my bed, and taking care of my weapons." But the Sad part of it was, when Beckwourth left the mountains a few years later, the young, faithful wife and her dependent babies saw the "White Chief" never again, no never! for he had returned to the "lassies" of St. Louis. Beckwourth, however, was no exception to the rule. Little wonder, that after twenty years of similar abuse, the tribes of the Rocky Mountains looked upon Presi- dent Young and his men with for- bodings of evil. The marvel is, not that the Indian became cruel and faith- less, murderiing and scalping indis- criminately, pursuing his victims steal- thily when he was outnumbered, but with eagle craftiness when surround- ings favored him; but the marvel is, that with all the Indian's artful cun- ningness, the white man should find any peace whatever in the western wilderness. It really seems possible that these savages of the deserts are of Israel, and when they "begin to be gathered in, — not many generations shall pass away before they shall be- come a white and delightsome people." The Book of Mormon gives their origin, declaring that they are of "Joseph." While on the Weber, Beckwourth further writes, "A band of Bannock Indians swooped down upon us one stormy night and drove away eighty of our horses. Here was work we could not allot to the squaws." Such work, inviting reckless fortitude, the trappers seemed rather to enjoy. It broke the winter monotony and gave them a chance of a thrill without much 930 IMPROVEMENT ERA Sept., 1929 danger of being injured. Well equip- ped for the fray, fifty men under the fearless Fitzpatrick and Bridger, like bloodhounds on the trail, followed through the deep snow five days north- ward. A surprise attack proved more than favorable to the mountaineers. "We succeeded in getting off with the number of our own missing horses and forty head besides," adds Beckwourth, and "in the engagement, six of the enemy were killed and scalped, while not one of our party received a scratch. The horses we captured were very fine ones; and our return to camp was greeted with the most lively demon- strations." Thus we see the educa- tion given the Indians. At this time the great leader, Sub- lette, began a fearful mountainous journey. We read, "During the ab- sence of Fitzpatrick's party, Sublette owing, doubtless, to the letter received from Ashley, had decided that his busi- ness interests made necessary his pres- ence at St. Louis; and he had started with but one companion, Black Harris, on the trail that led back to the States — one thousand five hundred miles across a blizzard-swept mountain and prairie wilderness!" One can hardly imagine an experienced trapper like Sublette beginning what appeared to be an absurd undertaking. But any- way, "he reached St. Louis safely, fol- lowing untold hardships." During late February of 1826, four men went down the Weber and out on the waters which had been discov- ered by Bridger, as we shall learn in our next narration, the purpose of the visit was to find the outlet to the Pacific Ocean. Neihardt says, "After three weeks these men, being the first after Bridger to ride upon the salty brine, having circumnavigated the lake, returned to camp with a tale of un- profitable labors. They found neither beaver nor the Buenaventura (meaning the great opening or river that they supposed ran to the Pacific, and the river Ashley thought he had found the year previous when he fell upon the head waters of the Weber,) and they had suffered much from thirst." Very few of the trappers at the lodge village accepted the report favorably, believing that a large lake situated in the tops of the mountains, surely had an out- let to the ocean. It remained for Jed- ediah Smith, however, to prove the "Arm of the sea" a Great Salt Lake, for such it was known for twenty years prior to Pioneer times. Toward spring, away went the trappers up the various streams, Bear river, Weber, Ogden and north to the Malad and Portneuf. Young in The Founding of Utah, tells us that the name Ogden comes from Peter Skeen Ogden, a fearless Hudson Bay trapper, well educated, and a son of a prominent Montreal judge. Many of his experiences are dramatically told in his journal. He writes that among the Flatheads on the upper Columbia, orte of his men having offended an In- dian chief over a horse trade, that he, Ogden, got the blame and was sen- tenced to be shot. "What?" finally exclaimed Ogden. "Do you think a white man fears to die? Shoot!" and he bared his breast before the would-be executioners. As the Indians looked into the unflinching eyes of Ogden, they hesitated. "Hold!" cried the chief. "He a brave man. No shcot!" Fol- lowing this, the chief's daughter, Julia Mary, fell in love with the fearless trapper. Following the marriage cele- bration, Ogden and his young bride with some fifty men, most of them having Indian wives and children, moved southward into Cache Valley. Jed found them here while on his great northern trip of 1824-25. It is interesting to note, how at this early date, how many men were seeking beaver up and down the valleys of the mountains. No wonder that by "Pio- neer times" few furs were to be found. Even though the trappers swiftly scattered from the approaching ren- dezvous of 1826 on the Weber, still at the arrival of Ashley and Smith with "a great train of fifty men and a hun- Sept., 1929 WHEN JED MET THE COMANCHES 931 drcd pack-horses and mules," the few seekers, as if called by radio, were promptly gathering again. Even the Snake Indians rallied also, as Beck- wourth put it, "to the general celebra- tion which was freely indulged in by all parties. But the unpacking of the 'medicine water' contributed not a little to the heightening of our festi- vities." When the articles of agreement were drawn and signed. "July 26, 1826, near the 'Grand Lake' (note the early name) west of the Rocky Moun- tains," the firm passed into the hands of "Smith. Jackson, and Sublette," Fitzpatrick desiring to forage for him- self. Ashley then returned to Mis- souri, and, two years later, was elected to Congress, serving two terms. We might state here, that this man be- came a bitter enemy of the Saints, being in Congress when the "Mor- mons" were expelled from Jackson County in 1833, and later from Mis- souri in 1836. He could have helped shield the Saints in their afflictions had he desired. It is rather singular that he should struggle to help open the trails of the West and then assist in driving the Saints out of his State to- ward those trails. In Church history we read, "The governor, judges and other State officials were in turn ap- pealed to, and even the president of United States was memorialized in relation to the Jackson county tragedy. Courteous replies came back, depre- cating and deploring what had taken place, but that was all. The mob then was supreme." "On the 22nd of August," Jed in- forms us, out on the Weber, "I started south from the rendezvous with fifteen men, fifty horses and a stock of mer- chandise, the latter for trade with the Indians." The first presents to the Indians were given out in what is now Davis county, possibly near Farming- ton. One marvels at the material he carried; and, from the variety of gifts his packs contained, he had an abund- ance. Here is his own record of the first and second day's presents: 2 yards of red ribbon. 3 yards of red stranding. 10 awls. 1 razor. 1 dirk knife. 1 brass-handled knife. 40 balls and arrow points. 2 dozen rings. 72 lb. of tobacco. The next day he gave: 1 tin kettle. 4 razors. 2 dirk knives. 2 butcher knives. 1 dozen combs. 4 hawk balls. 2 stretch needles. 50 balls, 1 pound powder. 3 looking glasses. 2 dozen awls, buttons. 1 large green-handled knife. Smith, having been told of a river running from the south into the Salt Lake, found the stream now called the "Jordan," and became one of the first white men to gaze upon its wa- ters. Forward he pressed past the present site of Salt Lake City and through the Jordan narrows, catching beaver as he proceeded to Utah Lake. Skirting its east shore, he moved south- ward to the Sevier, which he called Ashley's Lake. Some early writers have led Ashley, himself, as far south as this lake, but it is now definitely known that, while in the Great Basin, he was never south of the mouth of the Weber river. See Utah Educa- tional Review, September, 19 2 7, "Ashley," by Dr. William J. Snow, who adds, "It has been asserted and traditionally handed down, that Ash- ley brought a two-wheeled cannon over the mountains in 1826, which was later placed at a fort on Utah Lake. Now there never was a post on Utah Lake. Moreover, it was in 1827 that the cannon was brought over, Ashley, himself, coming only as far as South Pass. The cannon was y32 IMPROVEMENT ERA Sept.. 1929 probably placed at the fort or post on the Great Salt Lake near Ogden." Jedediah S. Smith is now recog- nized as one of the first white men to pass through the Great Salt Lake Valley. Provot (not Provost) moved south a little later, trapping the streams of Utah county, and thus we get the "Provo" river. (See "Provot," Utah Educational Review, January, 1928.) After passing the Sevier, Smith continued on to California. He says the Indians he saw in southern Utah raised many vegetables, (espe- cially "corn and pumpkins," the In- dians themselves wearing rabbit robes for clothing, as no large game abounded in that country. As Mexico at this early time was astir with United States over the Texas Territory, which had formerly belonged to Mexico and which was now in revolt, she and her people hated everything "Yankee." There- fore, when Smith reached the Fran- ciscan Mission at San Diego, he was arrested and imprisoned. Finally set free upon the promise to leave the country of California, he trapped northward for over three hundred miles, then turning eastward in the early summer of 1827, he succeeded after perilous hardships and the loss of many horses in crossing the Sierra Nevada's snow-packed mountains, but so difficult was the trail that all but two of his men turned back. For twenty-two days Smith and his two companions struggled forward across the American Desert, one pack animal after another went down. At last but one poor horse remained. This night the three men, gaunt and weary, sank down to rest beside their hollow-eyed pony. We are told that Jed quietly produced his "Book," reading aloud to his companions. The shades of night drew themselves deeper about the weary men, but with the first signs of day they were moving again. This, however, was to be a day of joy, for, upon reaching a rising desert mound, far away in the hazy distance they saw the placid waters of the Great Salt Lake. From the southwest corner of the salty sea Smith made his way to the Bear Lake rendezvous, reaching there June 27, 1827. Two months later, however, aspirations gripped him. He must return to California — he may have been somewhat modern in his longings — anyway, without Pullman or aeroplane, he and his pack train were again at the Colorado river which they crossed and followed down to the Needles as before. Here while Smith attempted to recross, heading for San Diego, the Indians, having been hired by the Mexicans to keep out the "Yankees," murdered ten of his men. With the remaining nine Jed made a nine-day dash across the desert; but he was captured again and placed in pris- on, this time threatened with being sent to Mexico City. Four American cap- tains, however, took matters pretty well into their own hands; got Jed re- leased and started off north after giving bonds for $30,000, and promising that Smith would be out of California within two months. Twenty years later, the "Mormon" Battalion camped near this same mission when Cali- fornia was taken from Mexico, 1846- 47.) Smith now resolved upon a bold excursion, he would trap the Pacific coast a thousand miles to the Colum- bia. Having been to the Columbia north from Salt Lake, he determined to visit it at Fort Vancouver. Week after week, success smiled upon his trappers. Finally a year had passed. It was now July 13, 1828, and his men were on the Umpqua river, a hundred miles south of the present Portland, Oregon. Here, following some difficulty with a chief over an ax stolen from the trap- pers, a terrible massacre occurred, and so sudden and unexpected did it come that fifteen of the eighteen men went down at once under the knives of the swarming savages. Smith, not being in camp at the time, was met by the two men who escaped, and together Sept.. 1929 WHEN JED MET THE COMANCHES 933 they hurried to Vancouver, the British Fort, belonging to the Hudson Bay Company. These stricken Americans were in the very center of the disputed "Oregon Territory" over which the Yankees were crying, "Fifty-four, forty, or fight!" Twenty years later, 1846, to avert a war with England, United States accepted the forty-ninth degree north latitude, the present Canadian line. Knowing that the wilderness soldiers of the two nations were on the verge of war, we marvel at Smith's boldness in knocking at Fort Van- couver for aid. The kind-hearted Dr. McLaughlin, nevertheless, who man- aged the British interests, showed him- self a true Christian. Upon hearing Jed's story, McLaughlin sent buyers to the Umpqua river, seeking trade with the Indians. When all the furs were secured, those bearing Smith's brand were turned over to McLaughlin, who reprimanded the Indians for murder- ing the Americans, and then gave Jed a draft on the Hudson Bay Company for twenty thousand dollars for the packs. He also insisted that his new friend remain at the Fort all winter, partaking of hospitality, the like of which Smith had never before known. During the following months, Mc- Laughlin, Jed and a Catholic priest spent much time with their Bibles. Mr. A. S. Clark, in Pioneer Days of Oregon, has this to say of Mc- Laughlin, "Over six feet high, power- fully made, with a grand bead on massive shoulders and long, snow- white locks covering them, he was a splendid picture of a man. The In- dians knew him as the 'White Eagle' and they respected him as they never did anyone else." He is very properly styled "The King of Old Oregon" in Skinner's, Adventurers in Oregon. When the Columbia was cleared of ice, Jed pushed eastward hundreds of miles to Pierre's Hole, on the head- waters of the Snake. Here his com- panions met him, but three men only had survived. Smith's honor of be- coming the "First American Overland to California" had been dearly pur- chased. Two thousand miles or more, most of the way on foot, was his one round trip. As the spring rendezvous of 1830 was to be held on the Wind river, the three partners with their men now pushed eastward toward the Yellow- stone district. After many stirring adventures dur- ing the winter and spring of 1829-30, Smith, Jackson and Sublette sold their interests to Fitzpatrick, Bridger and others. By October, 1830, Jed and his friends had sold their packs at St. Louis for more than $80,000. There is a coincidence here, relating to early Church history, worth noting. Jed's arrival was six months after the "Mor- mon" Church was organized, and the same month, October, that the Lord, by revelation, called Oliver Cowdery, Parley P. Pratt and two or three other missionaries to travel westward from New York "to the borders of the La- manites," proclaiming the Gospel as they proceeded. The flourishing branch at Kirtland was established and many persons baptized before the brethren reached St. Louis, where Smith and hundreds of other trappers were win- tering. Did these Church leaders realize as they conversed with these moun- taineers from the distant Rockies that sixteen years later men, women and children by the thousands would be wending their way toward the trails of the Platte, South Pass and the "Great Salt Lake?" As Independence, Missouri, some two hundred miles westward, seemed to be "the border of the Lamanites," thither the missionaries traveled. Here also followed Jedediah S. Smith, Jack- son, Sublette and Fitzpatrick who had now joined the group; for trapping headquarters were now being rapidly changed to Independence, this being closer to the frontier. As this west- ern trading town had been located but four years, it was destitute of trees and pleasant surroundings, the houses of 934 IMPROVEMENT ERA Sept.. 1929 frontier type, logs and dirt roof. The citizens were mostly after the order of town, rough and unkempt, with a habit of doing nothing today that can be pur off until tomorrow. Many western trappers made up the citizens, some even living with their Indian wives and half-breed Indian children. Therefore, when the famed Smith, Fitzpatrick, Jackson, and Sublette and eighty-five men came driving into the little village with twenty-two heavily loaded wagons, called prairie schoon- ers, and trailing a six-pound brass cannon, besides, the villagers all turned out. Among them were Oliver Cowdery, Peter Whitmer, Jr., Ziba Peterson, and Frederick G. Williams, and a number of converts that these missionaries had baptized at Inde- pendence. Parley P. Pratt, having been sent back to Kirtland, was not present at this time. As the "Mor- mon" missionaries were holding meet- ings and preaching in the village, it is only natural to suppose that out of curiosity Jed, who loved his Bible, attended some of the services and con- versed with the "strange ministers." Oliver Cowdery certainly could have interested the great trapper, for Oliver stood next to Joseph and had seen the Savior and other heavenly mes- sengers, had seen the golden plates, and had written from dictation most of the Book of Mormon, as the words fell from the lips of Joseph Smith. Oliver, having the book with him, may have even put it into Jed's hands, bearing his testimony at the same time. Here, indeed, ranged western life! And what a chance for learning of the West these early missionaries had! For here were mighty frontiersmen, having visited the "mysteries beyond the western horizon." On the 4th of May, 1831, Jed and his wagon- train moved out of the village on the road — not to the Rockies — but to Santa Fe, New Mexico, with seven hundred seventy-five miles of prairie wilderness ahead. As this was to be Smith's last journey, one almost wishes he could have remained at In- dependence for another sixty days and met the Prophet Joseph and twenty- eight other missionaries, who by reve- lation came to this little western town and dedicated the land as "the place for the city of Zion," and the site for the great "temple of the latter days." As we look back on thes'e early events, we see that it was with no little awe that the villagers of Independence learned of the revelations given their peculiar friends from the East, not only claiming Independence, but all of Jackson county, as "the place of their inheritance." In the midst of it all, too, came the Colesville branch, about thirty in number, and a conference was held and the Prophet and others spoke of "Zion and her future." (Three years later 1200 people were driven from Jackson county, 200 homes and several grist mills burned. We are told that although the people have been moved, the place of Zion has not, and the days are coming when all the words spoken by God's prophets are to be fulfilled regarding that land.) As Smith moved southwestward day after day on the Santa Fe Trail, the large, well-equipped train gave ev- ery evidence of security. "Within two days after striking out from the Arkansas river," Neihardt tells us, "the party began to experience the tortures of thirst and the famishing animals began to die. Confused by a maze of buffalo trails that led nowhere, taunted and misled by lying mirages, Smith and his companions struggled on." Of this land, Gregg in his Com- merce of the Prairies, writes, "This tract of country may truly be styled the grand prairie ocean; for not a single landmark is to be seen for more than forty miles — scarcely a visible emi- nence by which to direct one's course. All is as level as the sea." Then Gregg tells the melancholy story of the last days of the mighty Jed. He had been informed by a buffalo hunter who had been trading with the Comanche In- dians who committed the tragedy. Sept.. 1929 WHEN JED MET THE COMANCHES 935 "In this perilous situation, Capt. Smith resolved at last to pursue one of the seductive buffalo paths, in hopes it might lead to the margin of some stream or pond. He set out alone; for besides the temerity which desperation always inspires, he had ever been a stranger to fear; indeed he was one of the most undaunted spirits that had ever traversed the Rocky Mountains. But, alas for the unfortunate Capt. Smith! After having so often dodged the arrows and eluded the snare of the wily mountain Indian, little could he have thought, while jogging along un- der a scorching sun, that his bones were destined to bleach upon those arid sands! He had already wandered many miles away from his comrades, when, on turning over an eminence, his eyes were joyfully greeted with the appear- ance of a small stream meandering through the valley that spread before him. It was the Cimarron. He hur- ried forward to slack the fire of his parched lips — but imagine his disap- pointment at finding the channel only a bed of dry sand! With his hands. however, he soon scratched out a basin a foot or two deep, into which the water slowly oozed from the saturated sand. While with his head bent down, in the effort to quench his burning thirst, he was pierced by the arrows of a gang of Comanches, who were lying in wait for him! Yet he struggled bravely to the last; and, as the Indians, themselves, have since re- lated, killed two or three of their party before he was overpowered.'.' In horrifying glee the Comanches pounced upon their dying victim, tear- ing off his scalp and stripping his wounded body of its clothes, and, then, what was that falling from the pocket of his heavy shirt? Snatching it from the sand, they quickly turned its leaves — there were no pictures. Then opening it to the pages most worn, they gazed at the print. Could Jed's spirit have spoken, it probably would have quoted, "I am the resur- rection and the life, he that believeth in me though he were dead, yet shall he live." Pre-Requisite What of a day to a century, What of one little hour, What of a rain drop drowned in the sea, What of a trampled flower! What of the rue at the foot of the rose, What of the aphis stain, What of the tares that the reaper sows, Along with the golden grain! What of the heartache, what of the doubt. Fretting the days along. What of the soul with its joy gone out. What of the wasted song! Needed the spur of the opposite — Thus shall we crave the good, Negative plan and pre-requisite That Truth shall be understood! Mesa, Arizona Bertha A. Kleinman